What To Do After Getting Gene Expression Results?
Below are some suggestions.
Interpreting the Results
When AltAnalyze was running it produced a number of output files, most to the folder AltResults/AlternativeOutput in the user output directory. These include:
- Gene-expression summary file (aka DATASET file)
- GenMAPP input file (aka GenMAPP file)
Both files can be found in your results folder under "ExpressionOutput". You can also click the button "Results Folder" to get here. Both are tab-delimited text file that can be opened in a spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel, OpenOffice or Google Documents.
The gene-expression summary file reports gene expression values for each sample in your input expression file. Along with the raw gene expression values, statistics for each indicated comparison (mean expression, folds, t-test p-values) will be included along with gene annotations for that array, including Ensembl and EntrezGene associations and Gene Ontology annotations.
More information about these files can be found in Overview of Analysis Results.
Downstream Analyses
At this point you have many options but some of the most common are:
- Filter and sort the data in MS-Excel to find interesting genes.
- Cluster the data.
- Look for Gene Ontology terms and over-represented pathways.
- Load the data in a pathway analysis program to see your data on pathways.
- Find novel gene interaction networks using Cytoscape.
Filter and sort the data in MS-Excel to find interesting genes
When looking at differentially expressed genes, AltAnalyze will have exported specific comparisons, such as cancer versus normal. If you have a dataset with at least 2 replicates in each group, a ttest p-value will also be calculated for each probeset. Selecting the menu option Data>Filter in Excel will let you search for specific criterion. Looking for a fold change >2 and p<0.05 will give you an initial list to examine in more detail. You will also want to sort by p-value or fold change by going to Data>Sort.
Cluster the data
If you have multiple comparisons in your dataset, you may be interested in looking for global similarities in expression. One way to do this is to filter your AltAnalyze results and then analyze these data in a clustering program. You can filter your data however you want, however, one suggestion is to filter only the last two columns "smallest p" and "largest fold". By filtering for a maximum p<0.05 and minimum fold>1, you will capture all gene expression changes with a fold change > 2 or less than -2 and a p<0.05 in any comparison. Next you can copy and paste the filtered list into a new spreadsheet and import into a clustering program. Note, you will only want to include probeset or gene ID and individual array expression values (no summary statistics). Once imported, you may want to cluster the data in a program such as clusterMaker.
Visualizing Over-Represented GO terms and Pathways
Once over-represented pathways have been found or before doing this analysis, you can see which genes on which pathways are alternatively regulated in the program PathVisio or GenMAPP 2.1. PathVisio is a cross-platform analysis program, while GenMAPP is restricted to Windows. Both tools are easy use and have access to a large archive of curated pathways. An input file for either PathVisio or GenMAPP is found in the directory "ExpressionOutput" with the prefix "GenMAPP-". For making pathways, PathVisio or WikiPathways is recommended, since these resources produce superior pathway content (valid interactions between genes and metabolite IDs) in the same format (gpml). PathVisio can also export pathways to the GenMAPP format. A PathVisio tutorial can be found here, while a GenMAPP tutorial can be found here.
Find novel gene interaction networks using Cytoscape
You can also use the program Cytoscape to create literature based networks and view your data on networks. Tutorials are present at Cytoscape.org.